In the context of anaphylactic shock, what additional treatment can be given after epinephrine?

In the context of anaphylactic shock, epinephrine is the first-line treatment for reversing life-threatening symptoms. Its rapid action helps to improve airway patency, reduce vascular permeability, and counteract the effects of histamine release. However, after the initial administration of epinephrine, additional treatments are often necessary to further manage the reaction and to help prevent a biphasic anaphylactic response.

Intravenous steroids are commonly administered in this scenario as they have a longer duration of action compared to epinephrine and help to reduce inflammation and immune response. Corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone, work to stabilize the condition over hours to days and can be crucial in reducing the risk of delayed or recurrent anaphylaxis.

The other options, while they may have uses in allergic reactions, do not serve as appropriate adjunctive therapies immediately following epinephrine in acute anaphylaxis. Oral antihistamines can provide relief from symptoms such as hives or itching but do not have an immediate effect in managing acute airway compromise or shock. Inhaled corticosteroids are typically used for chronic asthma management rather than acute anaphylaxis treatment. Subcutaneous insulin is unrelated to anaphylactic reactions and serves a