Which cranial nerves are known to have both motor and sensory functions?

The cranial nerves that have both motor and sensory functions include the fifth (trigeminal), seventh (facial), ninth (glossopharyngeal), and tenth (vagus) nerves.

The trigeminal nerve is primarily responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The facial nerve controls muscles of facial expression and receives sensory information about taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensory input from the posterior one-third of the tongue as well as motor control over some muscles involved in swallowing. The vagus nerve is unique in its extensive function as it innervates structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen, providing both sensory input from organs and motor output for parasympathetic functions.

In contrast, the other cranial nerves specified in the incorrect options primarily serve either sensory or motor functions alone. For example, the first (olfactory), second (optic), and eighth (vestibulocochlear) nerves are solely sensory, while the third (oculomotor), fourth (trochlear), and sixth (abducens) nerves are primarily motor. Therefore, the combination of V, VII, IX, and X